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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Colonization</span></span>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Colonisation_(biology)" title="Colonisation (biology)">Colonisation (biology)</a>, the process by which species spread to new areas.</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Colonization_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Colonization (disambiguation)">Colonization (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-pol"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above">
<div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li>
<li>Category</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li>
<li><a href="Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li>
<li><a href="Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li>
<li><a href="Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li>
<li><a href="Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li>
<li><a href="Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li>
<li><a href="Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li>
<li><a href="Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li>
<li><a href="Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li>
<li><a href="Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li>
<li><a href="Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li>
<li><a href="Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li>
<li><a href="Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li>
<li><a href="Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li>
<li><a href="Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li>
<li><a href="Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li>
<li><a href="Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li>
<li><a href="Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li>
<li><a href="Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li>
<li><a href="Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li>
<li><a href="Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</span></div></li>
<li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</span></div></li>
<li><a href="Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li>
<li><a href="Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li>
<li><a href="Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li>
<li><a href="Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a></li>
<li><a href="Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="Street-level_bureaucracy" title="Street-level bureaucracy">street-level</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li>
<li>Service
<ul><li>(<a href="Public_service" title="Public service">Public</a> / <a href="Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">doctrine</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic policy</a></li>
<li><a href="Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li>
<li><a href="Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li>
<li><a href="Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Government branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li>
<li><a href="Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li>
<li><a href="Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li>
<li><a href="Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li>
<li><a href="Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a> / <a href="State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a> / <a href="Country" title="Country">Country</a></li>
<li><a href="Biology_and_political_orientation" title="Biology and political orientation">Biology and political orientation</a></li>
<li><a href="Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li>
<li><a href="Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Political censorship</a></li>
<li><a href="Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">Political organisations</a></li>
<li><a href="Theories_of_political_behavior" title="Theories of political behavior">Theories of political behavior</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subseries</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li>
<li><a href="Election" title="Election">Elections</a>
<ul><li><a href="Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li>
<li><a href="Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li>
<li><a href="Government" title="Government">Government</a>
<ul><li>(<a href="List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms</a> / <a href="Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li>
<li><a href="Political_culture" title="Political culture">Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></li>
<li><a href="Political_party" title="Political party">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below">
<span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3APolitics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">
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<p><b>Colonization</b> (<a href="British_English" title="British English">British English</a>: <b>colonisation</b>) is a process of establishing control over areas or <a href="People" title="People">peoples</a> for foreign people to advance their trade, cultivation, exploitation and possibly <a href="Settler" title="Settler">settlement</a>. Colonization functions through establishing a differentiation between the area and people of the colonized and colonizers, establishing <a href="Metropole" title="Metropole">metropoles</a>, <a href="Coloniality" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloniality">coloniality</a> and possibly outright <a href="Colony" title="Colony">colonies</a>. Colonization is commonly pursued and maintained by, but distinct from, <a href="Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>, <a href="Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a>, or <a href="Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UnLeading_2022_k996_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnLeading_2022_k996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Advanced_Learners_Dictionary_at_OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Advanced_Learners_Dictionary_at_OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-u508_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-u508-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a> can take place without colonisation,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a conquering process may often result in or from migration and colonising.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "colonization" is sometimes used synonymously with the word "settling", as with <a href="Colonisation_(biology)" title="Colonisation (biology)">colonisation in biology</a>.
</p><p><a href="Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a> is a type of colonization structured and enforced by the settlers directly, while their or their ancestors' metropolitan country (<i>metropole</i>) maintains a connection or control through the settler's activities. In settler colonization, a minority group rules either through the <a href="Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> or oppression of the existing inhabitants,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EI_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or by establishing itself as the demographic majority through <a href="Exile" title="Exile"> driving away</a>, displacing or <a href="Genocide" title="Genocide"> outright killing</a> the existing people, as well as through <a href="Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a> and births of metropolitan as well as other settlers.
</p><p>The <a href="History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">European colonization of Australia</a>, <a href="History_of_New_Zealand" title="History of New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and other places in <a href="Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> was fueled by explorers, and colonists often regarding the encountered landmasses as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">terra nullius</a></i></span> ("empty land", or literally "nobody's land" in Latin).<sup id="cite_ref-PG_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PG-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in laws and ideas such as <a href="Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>'s 1824 <a href="General_Colonization_Law" title="General Colonization Law">General Colonization Law</a> and the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>' <a href="Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">manifest destiny</a> doctrine which furthered colonization.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>
<p>The term <i>colonization</i> is derived from the Latin words <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">colere</i></span> ("to cultivate, to till"),<sup id="cite_ref-OED_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">colonia</i></span> ("a landed estate", "a farm") and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">colonus</i></span> ("a tiller of the soil", "a farmer"),<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis79_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis79-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then by extension "to inhabit".<sup id="cite_ref-Steele03_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steele03-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Someone who engages in colonization, i.e. the agent noun, is referred to as a <i>colonizer</i>, while the person who gets colonized, i.e. the object of the agent noun or absolutive, is referred to as a <i>colonizee</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>colonisee</i> or the <i>colonised</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-modern_colonizations">Pre-modern colonizations</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_period">Classical period</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Colonies in antiquity</a></div>
<p>In ancient times, maritime nations such as the city-states of <a href="Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> established colonies in other parts of the Mediterranean.
</p><p>Another period of colonization in ancient times was during the <a href="Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The Roman Empire conquered large parts of <a href="Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, <a href="North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, and <a href="West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>. In North Africa and West Asia, the Romans often conquered what they regarded as 'civilized' peoples. As they moved north into Europe, they mostly encountered rural peoples/tribes with very little in the way of cities. In these areas, waves of Roman colonization often followed the conquest of the areas. Many of the current cities throughout Europe began as Roman colonies, such as <a href="Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, Germany, originally called <i><a href="Colonia_Claudia_Ara_Agrippinensium" title="Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium">Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium</a></i> by the Romans, and the <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> capital city of <a href="London" title="London">London</a>, which the Romans founded as <i><a href="Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></i>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div>
<p>The decline and collapse of the Roman Empire saw (and was partly caused by) the large-scale movement of people in <a href="Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and Asia. This is largely seen as beginning with nomadic horsemen from Asia (specifically the <a href="Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>) moving into the richer pasture land to the west, thus forcing the local people there to move further west and so on until eventually the <a href="Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> were forced to cross into the Roman Empire, resulting in continuous war with Rome which played a major role in the fall of the Roman Empire. During this period there were large-scale movements of people establishing new colonies all over western Europe. The events of this time saw the development of many of the modern-day nations of Europe like the <a href="Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> in France and Germany and the <a href="Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> in England.
</p><p>In West Asia, during the reign of the <a href="Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a>, some Persians established colonies in <a href="Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and <a href="Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>. The <a href="Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> also established colonies in <a href="Northern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Africa">Northern Africa</a>, <a href="Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, and the <a href="Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> of <a href="Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> also carried out a large-scale colonization. The Vikings are best known as raiders, setting out from their original homelands in <a href="Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, southern <a href="Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, and southern <a href="Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, to pillage the coastlines of northern Europe. In time, the Vikings began trading and established colonies. The Vikings first came across <a href="Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and established colonies there before moving onto <a href="Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, where they built settlements that endured until the 15th century. The Vikings launched an unsuccessful attempt at colonizing an area they called <a href="Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a>, which is probably at a site now known as <a href="L'Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a>, <a href="Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>, on the eastern coastline of <a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonial_Era">Colonial Era</h2></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></div>
<p>In the Colonial Era, colonialism in this context refers mostly to Western European countries' colonization of lands mainly in the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania. The main European countries active in this form of colonization included <a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="France" title="France">France</a>, the <a href="Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> (later <a href="Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>), the <a href="Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> (later <a href="Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>), the <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the <a href="Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, the <a href="Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> (now mostly <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>), <a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, and <a href="Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Sweden-Norway</a>, and, beginning in the 18th century, the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Most of these countries had a period of almost complete power in world trade at some stage in the period from roughly 1500 to 1900. Beginning in the late 19th century, the <a href="Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> also engaged in settler colonization, most notably in <a href="Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a> and <a href="Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>.
</p><p>While some European colonization focused on shorter-term exploitation of economic opportunities (<a href="Newfoundland_Colony" title="Newfoundland Colony">Newfoundland</a>, for example, or <a href="Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>) or addressed specific goals such as settlers seeking religious freedom (<a href="Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>), at other times long-term social and economic planning was involved for both parties, but more on the colonizing countries themselves, based on elaborate theory-building (note <a href="James_Oglethorpe" title="James Oglethorpe">James Oglethorpe</a>'s <a href="Colony_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Georgia">Colony of Georgia</a> in the 1730s and <a href="Edward_Gibbon_Wakefield" title="Edward Gibbon Wakefield">Edward Gibbon Wakefield</a>'s <a href="New_Zealand_Company" title="New Zealand Company">New Zealand Company</a> in the 1840s).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<p>Colonization may be used as a method of absorbing and assimilating foreign people into the culture of the imperial country. One instrument to this end is <a href="Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">linguistic imperialism</a>, or the use of non-indigenous colonial languages to the exclusion of any indigenous languages from administrative (and often, any public) use.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th–21st_century_on_Earth">20th–21st century on Earth</h2></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">Neocolonialism</a> and <a href="Development_aid" title="Development aid">Development aid</a></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3></div>
<p>In the 1920s, the Soviet regime implemented the so-called <a href="Korenization" class="mw-redirect" title="Korenization">korenization</a> policy in an attempt to win the trust of non-Russians by promoting their ethnic cultures and establishing for them many of the characteristic institutional forms of the nation-state.<sup id="cite_ref-Terry_Martin_2001_1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terry_Martin_2001_1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Soviet regime was hostile to even voluntary assimilation, and tried to de-Russify assimilated non-Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-Terry_Martin_2001_32_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terry_Martin_2001_32-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parents and students not interested in the promotion of their national languages were labeled as displaying "abnormal attitudes". The authorities concluded that minorities unaware of their ethnicities had to be subjected to <a href="Belarusization" title="Belarusization">Belarusization</a>, <a href="Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonization</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Per_Anders_Rudling_2014_212_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Per_Anders_Rudling_2014_212-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>By the early 1930s, the Soviet regime introduced limited Russification;<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_Overy_2004_558_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard_Overy_2004_558-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing voluntary assimilation, which was often a popular demand.<sup id="cite_ref-Terry_Martin_2001_409_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terry_Martin_2001_409-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The list of nationalities was reduced from 172 in 1927 to 98 in 1939,<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_Overy_2004_556_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard_Overy_2004_556-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by revoking support for small nations in order to merge them into bigger ones. For example, <a href="Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> was merged into Georgia and thousands of ethnic Georgians were sent to Abkhazia.<sup id="cite_ref-George_Hewitt_1999_96_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-George_Hewitt_1999_96-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Abkhaz_alphabet" title="Abkhaz alphabet">Abkhaz alphabet</a> was changed to a Georgian base, Abkhazian schools were closed and replaced with Georgian schools, the Abkhaz language was banned.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling elite was purged of ethnic Abkhaz and by 1952 over 80% of the 228 top party and government officials and enterprise managers in Abkhazia were ethnic Georgians (there remained 34 Abkhaz, 7 Russians and 3 Armenians in these positions).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> area of <a href="East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> (modern <a href="Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>) given to the Soviet Union at the 1945 <a href="Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> Soviet control meant a <a href="Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)#Poland,_including_former_German_territories" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">forcible expulsion of the remaining German population</a> and mostly involuntary resettlement of the area with Soviet civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Russians were now presented as the most advanced and least chauvinist people of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_Overy_2004_558_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard_Overy_2004_558-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baltic_states">Baltic states</h4></div>
<p>Large numbers of ethnic Russians and other <a href="Russian_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian speakers">Russian speakers</a> were settled in the three Baltic countries – Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia – after their <a href="Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">reoccupation in 1944</a>, while local languages, religion and customs were suppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Chioni Moore classified it as a "reverse-cultural colonization", where the colonized perceived the colonizers as culturally inferior.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonization of the three Baltic countries was closely tied to mass executions, <a href="Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union#Post-war_expulsion_and_deportation" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">deportations</a> and <a href="Repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Repression in the Soviet Union">repression</a> of the native population. During both Soviet occupations (<a href="Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">1940–1941</a>; <a href="Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">1944–1991</a>) a combined 605,000 inhabitants of the three countries were either killed or deported (135,000 Estonians, 170,000 Latvians and 320,000 Lithuanians), while their properties and personal belongings, along with ones who fled the country, were confiscated and given to the arriving colonists – <a href="Soviet_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet military">Soviet military</a> and <a href="NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> personnel, as well as functionaries of the <a href="Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> and <a href="Economic_migrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic migrant">economic migrants</a> from <a href="Kolkhoz" title="Kolkhoz">kolkhozes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The most dramatic case was Latvia, where the amount of ethnic Russians swelled from 168,300 (8.8%) in 1935 to 905,500 (34%) in 1989, whereas the proportion of ethnic Latvians fell from 77% in 1935 to 52% in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baltic states also faced intense <a href="Economic_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic exploitation">economic exploitation</a>, with <a href="Latvian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian SSR">Latvian SSR</a>, for example, transferring 15.961 billion rubles (or 18.8% percent of its total revenue of 85 billion rubles) more to the USSR budget from 1946 to 1990 than it received back. And of the money transferred back, a disproportionate amount was spent on the region's <a href="Militarization" title="Militarization">militarization</a> and funding of repressive institutions, especially in the <a href="Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#Stalinism_re-imposed,_1945–1953" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">early years of the occupation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been calculated by a Latvian state-funded commission that the Soviet occupation cost the <a href="Economy_of_Latvia" title="Economy of Latvia">economy of Latvia</a> a total of 185 billion euros.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Conversely, <a href="Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian economist</a> and <a href="World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">world-systems analyst</a> <a href="Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a> asserts that, in contrast to colonialism, capital transfer in the USSR was used to develop poorer regions in the South and East with the wealthiest regions like <a href="Western_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Russia">Western Russia</a>, Ukraine, and the Baltic Republics being the main source of capital.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estonian researcher <a href="Epp_Annus" title="Epp Annus">Epp Annus</a> acknowledges that the Soviet rule in the Baltic states did not possess every single characteristic of traditional colonialism since the Baltic states were already modern industrial European <a href="Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation states</a> with an established sense of <a href="National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a> and cultural self-confidence prior to their Soviet invasion in 1940 and proposed that the initial Soviet occupation developed into a colonial rule gradually, as the local resistance turned into a hybrid coexistence with the Soviet power. The Soviet colonial rule never managed to fully establish itself and began rapidly disintegrating during <i><a href="Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a></i>, but after the restoration of independence, the Baltic states similarly had to deal with problems of a characteristically colonial nature, such as <a href="Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, <a href="Economic_collapse" title="Economic collapse">economic collapse</a> and demographic tensions.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jewish_oblast">Jewish oblast</h4></div>
<p>In 1934, the Soviet government established the <a href="Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Jewish Autonomous Oblast</a> in the Soviet Far East to create a homeland for the Jewish people. Another motive was to strengthen Soviet presence along the vulnerable eastern border. The region was often infiltrated by the Chinese; in 1927, <a href="Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> had ended <a href="First_United_Front" title="First United Front">cooperation with the Chinese Communist Party</a>, which further increased the threat. Japan also seemed willing and ready to detach the Far Eastern provinces from the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-Nora_Levin_1990_283_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nora_Levin_1990_283-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To make settlement of the inhospitable and undeveloped region more enticing, the Soviet government allowed private ownership of land. This led to many non-Jews to settle in the oblast to get a free farm.<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_Overy_2004_567_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard_Overy_2004_567-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>By the 1930s, a massive propaganda campaign developed to induce more Jewish settlers to move there. In one instance, a government-produced Yiddish film called <i><a href="Seekers_of_Happiness" title="Seekers of Happiness">Seekers of Happiness</a></i> told the story of a Jewish family that fled the <a href="Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a> to make a new life for itself in Birobidzhan. Some 1,200 non-Soviet Jews chose to settle in Birobidzhan.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishmag.com_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishmag.com-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jewish population peaked in 1948 at around 30,000, about one-quarter of the region's population. By 2010, according to data provided by the Russian Census Bureau, there were only 1,628 people of Jewish descent remaining in the JAO (1% of the total population), while ethnic Russians made up 92.7% of the JAO population.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The JAO is Russia's only <a href="Autonomous_oblast" title="Autonomous oblast">autonomous oblast</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, aside of Israel, the world's only Jewish territory with an official status.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3></div>
<p>In the <a href="First_Aliyah" title="First Aliyah">First Aliyah</a>, much of the <a href="Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a> settlement consisted of legal land purchases for agricultural colonies, or <a href="Moshav" title="Moshav">moshavot</a>, for wine and citrus production.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>According to Elia Zuriek in his book "Israel's Colonial Project in Palestine: Brutal Pursuit", Israeli settlements in the <a href="West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> is an additional form of colonization.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view is part of a key debate in the <a href="Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>. Law professors <a href="Steven_Lubet" title="Steven Lubet">Steven Lubet</a> and Jonathan Zasloff describe the "<a href="Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">Zionism as settler colonialism</a>" theory as politically motivated, derogatory and highly controversial. According to them, there are important differences between Zionism and settler colonialism, for instance: (1) Early Zionists did not seek to transport European culture into Israel, they sought to revive the culture of an indigenous people of the land, the culture of their ancestors (e.g., they left their European languages behind and adopted a Middle Eastern/Semitic one: Hebrew); (2) No settler colonial movement ever claimed to be "returning home"; (3) Jews had already been living in the "colonized" region for thousands of years. Both professors also point out that the academic journal where Wolfe published his essay fails to mention the <a href="Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Islamic military campaign that captured the region</a> in the 7th and 8th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Transmigration_program" title="Transmigration program">Transmigration program</a>, <a href="Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">Indonesian invasion of East Timor</a>, <a href="Insurgency_in_Aceh" title="Insurgency in Aceh">Insurgency in Aceh</a>, and <a href="Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></div>
<p>The transmigration program is an initiative of the <a href="Government_of_Indonesia" title="Government of Indonesia">Indonesian government</a> to move landless people from densely populated areas of <a href="Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Java</a>, but also to a lesser extent from <a href="Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> and <a href="Madura_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Madura Island">Madura</a>, to less populous areas of the country including <a href="West_Papua_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Papua (region)">Papua</a>, <a href="Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, <a href="Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, and <a href="Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papua_New_Guinea">Papua New Guinea</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Bougainville_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bougainville Civil War">Bougainville Civil War</a></div><p>In 1884 Britain declared a protective order over South East New Guinea, establishing an official colony in 1888. Germany however, annexed parts of the North. This annexation separated the entire region into the South, known as "The Territory of Papua" and North, known as "German New Guinea".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict</a></div>
<p>Due to marginalisation produced by continuous Resettlement Policy, by 1969, political tensions and open hostilities developed between the <a href="Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Government of the Philippines</a> and <a href="Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro</a> <a href="Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a> rebel groups in <a href="Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scribd.com_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scribd.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myanmar">Myanmar</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Rohingya_conflict" title="Rohingya conflict">Rohingya conflict</a> and <a href="Internal_conflict_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal conflict in Myanmar">Internal conflict in Myanmar</a></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subject_peoples">Subject peoples</h3></div>
<p>Many colonists came to colonies for <a href="Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> to their colonizing countries, so the legal power to leave or remain may not be the issue so much as the actual presence of the people in the new country. This left the indigenous natives of their lands slaves in their own countries.
</p><p>The <a href="Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canadian Indian residential school system</a> was identified by the <a href="Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Canada)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Canada)</a> as colonization through depriving the youth of First Nations in Canada of their languages and cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>During the mid 20th century, there was the most dramatic and devastating attempt at colonization, and that was pursued with Nazism.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler and Heinrich Himmler and their supporters schemed for a mass migration of Germans to Eastern Europe, where some of the Germans were to become colonists, having control over the native people.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These indigenous people were planned to be reduced to slaves or wholly annihilated.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Many advanced nations currently have large numbers of <a href="Guest_worker" class="mw-redirect" title="Guest worker">guest workers</a>/<a href="Temporary_work" title="Temporary work">temporary work</a> visa holders who are brought in to do seasonal work such as harvesting or to do low-paid manual labor. Guest workers or contractors have a lower status than workers with visas, because guest workers can be removed at any time for any reason.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endo-colonization">Endo-colonization</h3></div>
<p>Colonization may be a domestic strategy when there is a widespread security threat within a nation and weapons are turned inward, as noted by <a href="Paul_Virilio" title="Paul Virilio">Paul Virilio</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd>Obsession with security results in the <i>endo-colonization</i> of society: endo-colonization is the use of increasingly powerful and ubiquitous technologies of security turned <i>inward</i>, to attempt to secure the fast and messy circulations of our globalizing, networked society...it is the increasing domination of public life with stories of dangerous otherness and suspicion...<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>
<p>Some instances of the burden of endo-colonization have been noted:
</p>
<dl><dd>The acute difficulties of the Latin American and southern European military-bureaucratic dictatorships in the seventies and early eighties and the Soviet Union in the late eighties can in large part be attributed to the economic, political and social contradictions induced by endo-colonizing militarism.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Space_colonization">Space colonization</h2></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<a href="Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a> (or extraterrestrial colonization) is the <a href="Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">settlement</a> or colonization of <a href="Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a> and <a href="Astronomical_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical bodies">astronomical bodies</a>. The concept in its broad sense has been applied to any permanent human presence in space, such as a <a href="Space_habitat" class="mw-redirect" title="Space habitat">space habitat</a> or other <a href="Extraterrestrial_settlement" title="Extraterrestrial settlement">extraterrestrial settlements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_colonization_Nye_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_colonization_Nye-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may involve a process of occupation or control for exploitation, such as <a href="Space_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Space mining">extraterrestrial mining</a>.</div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_target">By target</h3></div>
<ul><li><a href="Colonization_of_the_asteroid_belt" title="Colonization of the asteroid belt">Colonization of the asteroid belt</a></li>
<li><a href="Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">Colonization of Mars</a></li>
<li><a href="Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Colonization of the Moon</a></li>
<li><a href="Colonization_of_Titan" title="Colonization of Titan">Colonization of Titan</a></li>
<li><a href="Colonization_of_trans-Neptunian_objects" title="Colonization of trans-Neptunian objects">Colonization of trans-Neptunian objects</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_settlement" title="Space settlement">Space settlement</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<dl><dt>Colonization</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li>
<li><a href="Coloniality_of_gender" title="Coloniality of gender">Coloniality of gender</a></li>
<li><a href="Colonization_of_Antarctica" title="Colonization of Antarctica">Colonization of Antarctica</a></li>
<li><a href="Cocacolonization" title="Cocacolonization">Cocacolonization</a></li>
<li><a href="Ocean_colonization" title="Ocean colonization">Ocean colonization</a></li>
<li><a href="Colonial_empire#List_of_colonial_empires" title="Colonial empire">List of colonial empires</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt>Other related</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="Colonisation_(biology)" title="Colonisation (biology)">Colonisation (biology)</a></li>
<li><a href="Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">Human settlement</a></li>
<li><a href="Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li>
<li><a href="Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact">Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> As for example with German conquests in western and northern Europe in 1940.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> As in the <a href="Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a> in western Eurasia.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-UnLeading_2022_k996-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UnLeading_2022_k996_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yorku.ca/edu/unleading/systems-of-oppression/coloniality-and-settler-colonialism/#:~:text=Colonization%20did%20not%20only%20occur,(Mignolo%20%26Walsh%2C%202018).">"Colonialism, Coloniality and Settler Colonialism"</a>. <i>UnLeading</i>. August 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMarc_Ferro1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Marc_Ferro" title="Marc Ferro">Marc Ferro</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0QOIAgAAQBAJ"><i>Colonization</i></a>. Routledge. p. 1. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203992586">10.4324/9780203992586</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781134826537</bdi>. <q>Colonization is associated with the occupation of a foreign land, with its being brought under cultivation, with the settlement of colonists. If this definition of the term "colony" is used, the phenomenon dates from the <a href="Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek period</a>. Likewise we speak of Athenian, then Roman 'imperialism'."</q></cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Oxford_Advanced_Learners_Dictionary_at_OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Advanced_Learners_Dictionary_at_OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/colonization?q=colonization">"colonization noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes"</a>. <i>Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-29</span></span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-u508-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-u508_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lpeproject.org/blog/different-paths-colonization-is-more-than-exploitation/">"Different Paths: Colonization is More than Exploitation"</a>. <i>LPE Project</i>. October 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
For example:
<cite id="CITEREFBartlett2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Robert_Bartlett_(historian)" title="Robert Bartlett (historian)">Bartlett, Robert</a> (27 February 2003) [1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9R0fmcWVJAgC"><i>The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change 950 - 1350</i></a> (reprint ed.). London: Penguin UK. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780141927046</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2025</span>. <q>This book approaches the history of Europe in the High Middle Ages [...] by concentrating on conquest, colonization and associated cultural change in Europe and the Mediterranean in the period 950-1350. It analyzes the establishment of states by conquest and the peopling of distant countries by immigrants along the peripheries of the continent: English colonialism in the <a href="Celtic_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic countries"> Celtic world</a>, the <a href="Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung"> movement of Germans into eastern Europe</a>, the Spanish <a href="Reconquista" title="Reconquista"> Reconquest</a> and the activities of <a href="Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">crusaders</a> and colonists in the eastern Mediterranean.</q></cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2002" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Stephen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=04lJ4TshmxcC&q=colonisation%20central%20empire%3A%20A%20Very%20Short%20Introduction&pg=PT52"><i>Empire: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. United States: Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780191604447</bdi>. <q>When colonization takes place under the protection of clearly colonial political structures, it may most handily be called <b>settler colonialism</b>. This often involves the settlers entirely dispossessing earlier inhabitants, or instituting legal or other structures which systematically disadvantage them.</q></cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-EI-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EI_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2002" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Stephen (2002). <i>Empire: A Very Short Introduction</i>. United States: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">21–</span>31.</cite></span>
</li>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"At the Prophet's death, according to the Muslim historians, the religion that he had brought was still confined to parts of the Arabian Peninsula. The Arabs, to whom he had brought it, were similarly restricted, with perhaps some extension in the borderlands of the Fertile Crescent. The vast lands in southwest Asia, northern Africa, and elsewhere, which in later times came to constitute the lands of Islam, the realms of the caliphs and, in modern parlance, the Arab world, still spoke other languages, professed other religions, and obeyed other rulers. Within little more than a century after the Prophet's death, the whole area had been transformed, in what was surely one of the swiftest and most dramatic changes in the whole of human history. By the late seventh century, the outside world attests the emergence of a new religion and a new power, the Muslim empire of the caliphs, extending eastward in Asia as far as and sometimes beyond the borders of India and China, westwards along the southern Mediterranean coast to the Atlantic, southwards towards the land of the black peoples in Africa, northwards into the lands of the white peoples of Europe. In this empire, Islam was the state religion, and the Arabic language was rapidly displacing others to become the principal medium public life." Lewis, Bernard. THE MIDDLE EAST: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years, Touchstone Simon and Schuster, New York, 1995. pp 54-55</span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Philip_D._Morgan" title="Philip D. Morgan">Morgan, Philip D.</a> (2011). "Lowcountry Georgia and the Early Modern Atlantic World, 1733-ca. 1820". In <a href="Philip_D._Morgan" title="Philip D. Morgan">Morgan, Philip D.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7X-sIs5sBQC"><i>African American Life in the Georgia Lowcountry: The Atlantic World and the Gullah Geechee</i></a>. Race in the Atlantic World, 1700-1900 Series. University of Georgia Press. p. 16. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780820343075</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-04</span></span>. <q>[...] Georgia represented a break from the past. As one scholar has noted. it was 'a preview of the later doctrines of "systematic colonization" advocated by Edward Gibbon Wakefield and others for the settlement of Australia and New Zealand.' In contrast to such places as Jamaica and South Carolina, the trustees intended Georgia as 'a regular colony', orderly, methodical, disciplined [...]</q></cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Space_colonization_Smith_2019-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Space_colonization_Smith_2019_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2019" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Kiona N. (20 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/kionasmith/2019/07/20/how-apollo-11-raised-the-flag-on-the-moon-and-what-it-means-today/">"How Apollo 11 Raised The Flag on the Moon, And What It Means Today"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>
<ul><li>Cooper, Frederick, <i>Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge History</i>, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005</li>
<li><a href="Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a>, <i><a href="Guns%2C_Germs%2C_and_Steel" title="Guns, Germs, and Steel">Guns, germs and steel. A short history of everybody for the last 13,000 years</a></i>, 1997.</li>
<li>Ankerl Guy, <i>Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western</i>, INUPress, Geneva, 2000. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>2-88155-004-5</bdi>.</li>
<li>Cotterell, Arthur. <i>Western Power in Asia: Its Slow Rise and Swift Fall, 1415 - 1999</i> (2009) popular history; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Western-Power-Asia-Slow-Swift/dp/0470824891/">excerpt</a></li></ul>
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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonization,_decolonization,_and_separatism84" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Colonization,_decolonization,_and_separatism84" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">, <a href="Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a>, and <a href="Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em">Exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Exploration_of_the_Americas" title="Exploration of the Americas">Americas</a></li>
<li><a href="European_exploration_of_Africa" title="European exploration of Africa">Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="Chronology_of_European_exploration_of_Asia" title="Chronology of European exploration of Asia">Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="Europeans_in_Oceania" title="Europeans in Oceania">Oceania</a></li>
<li><a href="Exploration_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploration of Antarctica">Antarctica</a> — <a href="Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">World oceans</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em"> and <a href="Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="List_of_empires" title="List of empires">List of empires</a></li>
<li><a href="European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">Americas</a></li>
<li><a href="Colonization_of_Antarctica" title="Colonization of Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li>
<li><a href="Colonisation_of_Africa" title="Colonisation of Africa">Africa</a>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_European_colonies_in_Africa" title="List of European colonies in Africa">European colonies</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">Asia</a>
<ul><li><a href="European_colonisation_of_Southeast_Asia" title="European colonisation of Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Colonisation_of_Oceania" title="Colonisation of Oceania">Oceania</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Extraterrestrial</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em"><a href="Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a> and <a href="Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation" title="List of sovereign states by date of formation">Sovereign states formation dates</a></li>
<li><a href="Decolonization_of_the_Americas" title="Decolonization of the Americas">Americas</a>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_South_America" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in South America">in South America</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="Decolonisation_of_Asia" title="Decolonisation of Asia">Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe">Europe</a>
<ul><li><a href="Territorial_evolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li>
<li><a href="Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="Decolonization_in_Ukraine" title="Decolonization in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Decolonisation_of_Oceania" title="Decolonisation of Oceania">Oceania</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br>topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em"><a href="Exploration" title="Exploration">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">Maritime history</a> (<a href="Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">European</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Antiquity</a> — <a href="Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li>
<li><a href="Chartered_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartered company">Chartered companies</a></li>
<li><a href="Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">Interventionism</a></li>
<li><a href="Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a>
<ul><li><a href="Chronology_of_Western_colonialism" title="Chronology of Western colonialism">Chronology</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">History</a></li>
<li><a href="Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Empires</a></li>
<li><a href="Detribalization" title="Detribalization">Detribalization</a></li>
<li><a href="Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li>
<li><a href="Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">wars</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Current: <a href="United_Nations_list_of_non-self-governing_territories" title="United Nations list of non-self-governing territories">Non-self-governing</a></li>
<li><a href="Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em"><a href="Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial empires</a><br> in the <a href="Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Overseas, major: <a href="British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a></li>
<li><a href="Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a></li>
<li><a href="French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li>
<li><a href="German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li>
<li><a href="Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li>
<li><a href="Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li>
<li><a href="Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li></ul>
<ul><li>Overseas, minor: <a href="Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">American</a></li>
<li><a href="Territory_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="Territory of Papua and New Guinea">Australian</a></li>
<li><a href="Austrian_colonial_policy" title="Austrian colonial policy">Austro-Hungarian</a></li>
<li><a href="Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li>
<li><a href="Couronian_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Couronian colonization">Couronian (Polish-Lithuanian)</a></li>
<li><a href="Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li>
<li><a href="Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_possessions_of_Norway" title="List of possessions of Norway">Norwegian</a></li>
<li><a href="Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul>
<ul><li>Mostly contiguous: <a href="Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">American</a></li>
<li><a href="Chinese_expansionism" title="Chinese expansionism">Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="Government_of_the_classical_Ottoman_Empire" title="Government of the classical Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li>
<li><a href="Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li>
<li><a href="South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South African</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em"><a href="Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a><br>and <a href="Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a>
<ul><li><a href="Declaration_of_independence" title="Declaration of independence">Declaration</a></li>
<li><a href="Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">Diplomatic recognition</a></li>
<li><a href="Facts_on_the_ground" title="Facts on the ground">Facts on the ground</a></li>
<li><a href="Independence_referendum" title="Independence referendum">Referendum</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Limited</a></li>
<li><a href="Namibia_exception" title="Namibia exception">Namibia exception</a></li>
<li><a href="Non-recognition" title="Non-recognition">Non-recognition</a></li>
<li><a href="Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">Partition</a></li>
<li><a href="Unilateral_declaration_of_independence" title="Unilateral declaration of independence">Unilateral</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li>
<li><a href="Political_status" title="Political status">Political status</a></li>
<li><a href="Right_to_homeland" title="Right to homeland">Right to homeland</a></li>
<li><a href="Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_revolutions_and_rebellions" title="List of revolutions and rebellions">List</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Rump_state" title="Rump state">Rump state</a></li>
<li><a href="Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li>
<li><a href="Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a>
<ul><li><a href="League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a>
<ul><li><a href="Lists_of_active_separatist_movements" title="Lists of active separatist movements">Active</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_political_parties_campaigning_for_self-government" title="List of political parties campaigning for self-government">Political parties</a></li>
<li><a href="Lists_of_historical_separatist_movements" title="Lists of historical separatist movements">Historical</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li>
<li><a href="Special_Committee_on_Decolonization" title="Special Committee on Decolonization">Special Committee on Decolonization</a></li>
<li><a href="Territorial_integrity" title="Territorial integrity">Territorial integrity</a></li>
<li><a href="Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Wars of national liberation</a>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_wars_of_independence" title="List of wars of independence">List</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em"><a href="Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li>
<li><a href="Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">Neocolonialism</a></li>
<li><a href="Postcolonial_international_relations" title="Postcolonial international relations">Postcolonial international relations</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Anabaptist_settler_colonialism" title="Anabaptist settler colonialism">Anabaptism</a></li>
<li><a href="Analysis_of_European_colonialism_and_colonization" title="Analysis of European colonialism and colonization">Analysis of European colonialism and colonization</a></li>
<li><a href="Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered language</a></li>
<li><a href="Christianity_and_colonialism" title="Christianity and colonialism">Christianity and colonialism</a></li>
<li><a href="Criticisms_of_globalization" title="Criticisms of globalization">Criticisms of globalization</a></li>
<li><a href="Decolonization_of_knowledge" title="Decolonization of knowledge">Decolonization of knowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="Decolonization_of_public_space" title="Decolonization of public space">Decolonization of public space</a></li>
<li><a href="Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li>
<li><a href="Internal_colonialism" title="Internal colonialism">Internal colonialism</a></li>
<li><a href="Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li>
<li><a href="Plantation_(settlement_or_colony)" title="Plantation (settlement or colony)">Plantation</a></li>
<li><a href="Settler" title="Settler">Settler</a></li>
<li><a href="Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">Terra nullius</a></li>
<li><a href="Uncontacted_peoples" title="Uncontacted peoples">Uncontacted peoples</a></li>
<li><a href="Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">Zionism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Space_colonization102" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Space_colonization102" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary spaceflight</a></li>
<li><a href="Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar travel</a></li>
<li><a href="Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic travel</a></li>
<li><a href="Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary habitability</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a></li>
<li><a href="Space_settlement" title="Space settlement">Space settlement</a></li>
<li><a href="Terraforming" title="Terraforming">Terraforming</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space habitats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Bishop_Ring_(habitat)" title="Bishop Ring (habitat)">Bishop Ring</a></li>
<li><a href="McKendree_cylinder" title="McKendree cylinder">McKendree cylinder</a></li>
<li><a href="O'Neill_cylinder" title="O'Neill cylinder">O'Neill cylinder</a></li>
<li><a href="Stanford_torus" title="Stanford torus">Stanford torus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonization targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Lagrange_point_colonization" title="Lagrange point colonization">Lagrange points</a></li>
<li><a href="Colonization_of_the_Solar_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the Solar System">Solar System</a>
<ul><li><a href="Colonization_of_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of Mercury">Mercury</a></li>
<li><a href="Colonization_of_Venus" title="Colonization of Venus">Venus</a></li>
<li><a href="Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">Mars</a></li>
<li><a href="Colonization_of_the_asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the asteroids">Asteroids</a>
<ul><li><a href="Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">mining</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Moon</a></li>
<li><a href="Colonization_of_Titan" title="Colonization of Titan">Titan</a></li>
<li><a href="Colonization_of_trans-Neptunian_objects" title="Colonization of trans-Neptunian objects">Trans-Neptunian objects</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Space_settlement" title="Space settlement">Free space</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terraforming targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">Mars</a></li>
<li><a href="Terraforming_of_Venus" title="Terraforming of Venus">Venus</a></li>
<li>Europa</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li>
<li><a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li>
<li><a href="National_Space_Society" title="National Space Society">National Space Society</a></li>
<li><a href="SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a></li>
<li><a href="The_Planetary_Society" title="The Planetary Society">The Planetary Society</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815962#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2069" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815962#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2069" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4128651-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Colonization"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85028571">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Colonisation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119596539">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Colonisation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119596539">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="kolonizace"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph138674&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Colonización"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX4576373">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000058940&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007284595505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640498">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/2b0528e0-b743-4ac7-a67a-27c9701ec7cf">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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